The science behind Nuuto

Supports calcium absorption, bone health, and immune function. Deficiency is common in northern latitudes, making regular testing particularly relevant.

• Holick MF (2007). Vitamin D deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(3), 266–281.
• Autier P, Boniol M, Pizot C, Mullie P (2014). Vitamin D status and ill health: a systematic review. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 2(1), 76–89.

Involved in over 300 enzymatic processes, including muscle function and sleep regulation. Subclinical deficiency is common and often undetected without testing.

• Rosanoff A, Weaver CM, Rude RK (2012). Suboptimal magnesium status in the United States: are the health consequences underestimated?. Nutrition Reviews, 70(3), 153–164.
• Volpe SL (2013). Magnesium in disease prevention and overall health. Advances in Nutrition, 4(3), 378S–383S.

Supports immune function, wound healing, and protein synthesis. Marginal deficiency is difficult to detect without testing.

• Wessells KR, Brown KH (2012). Estimating the global prevalence of zinc deficiency: results based on zinc availability in national food supplies and the prevalence of stunting. PLoS ONE, 7(11), e50568.
• Prasad AS (2008). Zinc in human health: effect of zinc on immune cells. Molecular Medicine, 14(5–6), 353–357.

Essential for energy metabolism, nervous system function, and red blood cell formation. B-complex is included as a baseline in every Nuuto plan, with B9 (folate) adjusted individually.

• Kennedy DO, Veasey R, Watson A, et al. (2010). Effects of high-dose B vitamin complex with vitamin C and minerals on subjective mood and performance in healthy males. Psychopharmacology, 211(1), 55–68.
• Smith AD, Smith SM, de Jager CA, et al. (2010). Homocysteine-lowering by B vitamins slows the rate of accelerated brain atrophy in mild cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 5(9), e12244.

Water-soluble antioxidant supporting immune function, collagen synthesis, and iron absorption. Included in every Nuuto morning sachet.

• Carr AC, Maggini S (2017). Vitamin C and immune function. Nutrients, 9(11), 1211.

Essential for bone structure, muscle function, and nerve signalling. Placed in the evening sachet because calcium competes with iron for absorption.

• Tai V, Leung W, Grey A, Reid IR, Bolland MJ (2015). Calcium intake and bone mineral density: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ, 351, h4183.

Supports thyroid function and acts as an antioxidant. Requirements vary by region due to soil selenium content, making individual testing relevant.

• Rayman MP (2012). Selenium and human health. The Lancet, 379(9822), 1256–1268.

Supports vision, immune function, and cell growth. Both deficiency and excess can be harmful, reinforcing the value of measured supplementation.

• Sommer A, Vyas KS (2012). A global clinical view on vitamin A and carotenoids. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 96(5), 1204S–1206S.

Fat-soluble antioxidant that protects cell membranes. Adjusted based on measured levels to avoid both insufficiency and excess.

• Traber MG (2014). Vitamin E inadequacy in humans: causes and consequences. Advances in Nutrition, 5(5), 503–514.

Involved in blood coagulation and bone metabolism. May appear alongside calcium and vitamin D in Nuuto plans due to its role in calcium distribution.

• Booth SL (2012). Vitamin K: food composition and dietary intakes. Food & Nutrition Research, 56(1), 5505.

Supports iron metabolism, connective tissue formation, and immune function. Included in the evening sachet when test results indicate a need.

• Collins JF, Prohaska JR, Knutson MD (2010). Metabolic crossroads of iron and copper. Nutrition Reviews, 68(3), 133–147.

Trace mineral involved in bone formation, blood clotting, and metabolism. Conditionally included in the evening sachet based on individual results.

• Aschner JL, Aschner M (2005). Nutritional aspects of manganese homeostasis. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 26(4–5), 353–362.